Using APA Format

 

 

If you are asked to use the APA format, consult:

         The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).

o        BF76.7 P83 2001 REF DESK

         The Little, Brown Handbook (1998)

o        PE 1112.F54. 1998 REF Desk

 

IN TEXT CITATIONS

         Follow author-date citation method (i.e., author's last name and publication year).

         Note the use of commas in parenthetical citations:

o        Walker (2000) compared reaction times . . .

o        In a recent study of reaction times (Walker, 2000) . . .

o        In 2000, Walker compared reaction times . . .

 

SHORT QUOTATIONS

         Enclose short quotations (<40 words) within double quotation marks.

         Provide author, year, and specific page (with p. or pp.) in text.

         Include complete reference in reference list.

         Note placement of period in 2^nd example below.

 

She stated, The placebo effect disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993, p. 276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were studied.

 

Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the first groups] behaviors were studied in this manner (p. 276).

 

LONG QUOTATIONS

         Place long quotations (>40 words) in freestanding block of typewritten lines.

         Omit quotation marks.

         Start quotation on new line indented 5 spaces from left margin.

         Double space the entire quotation on new, indented margin.

         Indent first line of additional paragraphs in quotation 5 spaces from new margin.

Miele (1993) found the following:

The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared
when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were
never exhibited again [italics added], even when real [sic] drugs were administered. Earlier studies (e.g., Abdullah, 1984; Fox, 1979) were clearly premature in attributing the results to a placebo effect. (p. 276)

REFERENCES SECTION: AT END OF TEXT

         List in alphabetical order all references cited in the text.

         Note that personal communications (i.e., letters, memos, telephone conversations, interviews, E-mail, discussion groups, etc.) are cited in text only:

o        As part of text: T. K. Lutes (personal communication, April 18, 2001) says . . .

o        After citation: (V.-G. Nguyen, personal communication, September 28, 1998).

 

PERIODICALS

 

One Author

Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910924.

 

Two Authors

Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 1036.

 

Newsletter Article, No Author

The new health-care lexicon. (1993, August/September). Copy Editor, 4, 12.

 

Daily Newspaper Article, No Author

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington Post, p. A12.

 

Magazine Article: weekly

Kandel, E. R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 11131120.

 

Monograph with Issue Number and Serial (or Whole) Number

Harris, P. L., & Kavanaugh, R. D. (1993). Young childrens understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(1, Serial No. 231).

 

BOOKS

 

Normal Book

Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

 

Two Authors, Edition, Jr. in Name

Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Edited Book

Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

 

Article or Chapter in an Edited Book, Two or More Editors

Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. In
H. L. Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D. C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual and methodological issues (pp. 5184). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

 

Report from Government Printing Office (GPO), Government Institute as Group Author

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

 

 

ELECTRONIC RESOURCES

Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993). Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 443449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from PsycINFO database.

 

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

 

GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8, 2000, from http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/
   usersurveys/survey1997-10/

 

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://jbr.org/articles.html {OR}

 

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of Bibliographic Research, 5, 117123.

 

Additional information on APA style, especially format for electronic reference can be found at:

APAs Electronic Reference Formats

http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

 

Online!: Using APA Style to Cite and Document Sources

http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html

 

Using American Psychological Association (APA) Format

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_apa.html

 

APA (American Psychological Association) Citation Style Guide http://www.isr.bucknell.edu/research/apa.pdf